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Travelling
A traveller may shorten the 4-rak'ah prayers (Dhuhr, Asr, Isha) to 2 (Qur'an 4:101), and many schools allow combining Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha. Distances and rules differ by school.
Illness
Pray standing; if you cannot, sitting; if you cannot, lying on your side (Bukhari 1117). Do what you are able to do.
A missed prayer
Pray it as soon as you remember (Muslim 684).
Women
Women pray the same steps; some schools describe small differences in posture. Prayer is not required during menstruation or bleeding after childbirth, and those prayers are not made up.
Praying in congregation
Stand in straight rows behind the imam and follow him, never moving before him. A latecomer joins with the takbir and makes up the missed rak'ahs after the imam's salam.
Eid and funeral prayers
Eid prayer: 2 rak'ahs with extra takbirs, then a sermon. Funeral prayer (janazah): standing only, with four takbirs and no bowing or prostration.
Faith Atlas prototype; Tanzil Uthmani; quran-tajweed; supplied hadith references · Marmaduke Pickthall (1930); prototype non-Quran meanings pending review · Tanzil terms; tajweed CC BY 4.0; Pickthall public domain; prototype permission pending scholar review ·